voluntary export restraint การใช้

• In some cases, the importing countries request exporting countries to impose voluntary export restraints.
• After three years of voluntary export restraints, seven Japanese firms located plants in the United States by 1980.
• Even illegal " voluntary export restraints " are re-emerging : Japan has privately agreed to limit steel exports to America.
• In 1981, Japan agreed to Voluntary Export Restraints in order to preempt protectionism measures that the US may have taken, where it be tariffs or import quotas.
• Stewart represented domestic steel producers in a series of trade remedy cases that redefined U . S . countervailing duty law practice and that resulted in voluntary export restraint agreements.
• Starting in 1981, the number of Hondas and other Japanese cars imported into this country were strictly limited by a so-called voluntary export restraint agreement between the United States and Japan.
• The opportunity for Japanese manufacturers to export more expensive models had arisen with the 1980s voluntary export restraints, negotiated by the Japanese government and U . S . trade representatives, restricting mainstream car sales.
• The Honda dealerships were so lucrative because starting in 1981, the number of Japanese cars imported into the United States was limited by a so-called voluntary export restraint agreement between the United States and Japan.
• A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions ( Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively ) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.
• The reports were regarded as CBMs ( Confidence Building Measures ), even though some thorny questions of ROO ( Rules of Origin ) and VER ( Voluntary Export Restraints ) remain unanswered and may require the attention of DIMS ( Dispute Mediation Service ).
• Critics of protectionist steel trade policies attribute the cause of this lack of competitiveness to American steel producers like Bethlehem having been shielded from foreign competition by quotas, voluntary export restraints, minimum price undertakings, and anti-dumping and countervailing duty measures which were in effect for the three decades preceding Bethlehem Steel's collapse.
• With skyrocketing oil and gas prices ( the price of oil in the US had more than quadrupled ) due to the OPEC oil embargo in late 1973, the much smaller, far more efficient Japanese and European cars ( which utilized 1981 Voluntary Export Restraints was passed by the U . S . Congress.